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''Poena cullei'' (from Latin 'punishment of the sack') under Roman law was a type of death penalty imposed on a subject who had been found guilty of parricide. The punishment consisted of being sewn up in a leather sack, sometimes with an assortment of live animals, and then being thrown into water. The punishment may have varied widely in its frequency and precise form during the Roman period. For example, the earliest fully documented case is from ca. 100BCE, although scholars think the punishment may have developed about a century earlier (earlier than that, murderers, including parricides, would be handed over to the aggrieved family for punishment, rather than punishment being enacted by Roman state officials). Inclusion of live animals in the sack is only documented from Early Imperial times, and at the beginning, only snakes are mentioned. At the time of Emperor Hadrian (2nd century CE), the most well known form of the punishment was documented, where a cock, a dog, a monkey and a viper were inserted in the sack. However, at the time of Hadrian ''poena cullei'' was made into an optional form of punishment for parricides (the alternate being thrown to the beasts in the arena). During the 3rd century CE up to the accession of Emperor Constantine, ''poena cullei'' fell out of use; Constantine revived it, now with only serpents to be added in the sack. Well over 200 years later, Emperor Justinian reinstituted the punishment with the four animals, and ''poena cullei'' remained the statutory penalty for parricides within Byzantine law for the next 400 years, when it was replaced with the punishment for parricides to be burnt alive instead. ''Poena cullei'' gained a revival of sorts in late medieval and early modern Germany, with late cases of being drowned in a sack along with live animals being documented from Saxony in the first half of the 18th century. ==Execution ritual== The 19th-century historian Theodor Mommsen compiled and described in detail the various elements that at one time or another have been asserted as elements within the ritualistic execution of a parricide during the Roman Era. The following paragraph is based on that description, it is ''not'' to be regarded as a static ritual that always was observed, but as a descriptive enumeration of elements gleaned from several sources written over a period of several centuries. Mommsen, for example, notes that the monkey hardly can have been an ancient element in the execution ritual.〔''Mommsen'' (1899), (pp. 921–923 )〕 The person was first whipped, or beaten, with ''virgis sanguinis'' ("blood-colored rods", probably〔See, in particular, ''Watson, Robinson'' (1998), p.336 and for example, "blood-red rods" in ''Gaughan'' (2010), (p.85 )〕), and his head was clad/covered in a bag made of a wolf's hide. On his feet were placed clogs, or wooden shoes, and he was then put into the ''poena cullei'', a sack made of ox-leather. Placed along with him into the sack was also an assortment of live animals, arguably the most famous combination being that of a serpent, a cock, a monkey and a dog. The sack was put on a cart, and the cart driven by black oxen to a running stream or to the sea. Then, the sack with its inhabitants was thrown into the water. Other variations occur, and some of the Latin phrases have been interpreted differently. For example, in his early work De Inventione, Cicero says the criminal's mouth was covered by a leathern bag, rather than a wolf's hide. He also says the person was held in prison until the large sack was made ready, whereas at least one modern author believes the sack, ''culleus'', involved, would have been one of the large, very common sacks Romans transported wine in, so that such a sack would have been readily available. According to the same author, such a wine sack had a volume of .〔''Cicero, Yonge'' (1852), (p.369 ) and, on wine sack, ''Francesce'' (2007), (pp. 184–185 )〕 Another point of contention concerns precisely how, and by what means, the individual was beaten. In his 1920 essay "''The Lex Pompeia and the Poena Cullei''", Max Radin observes that, as expiation, convicts were typically flogged until they bled (so some commentators translates the phrase to "beaten with rods till he bleeds"), but that it might very well be that the rods themselves were painted red. Radin also points to a third option, namely that the "rods" actually were some type of shrub, since it documented from other sources that whipping with some kinds of shrub was thought to be purifying in nature.〔''Radin'' (1920), (p.119 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Poena cullei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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